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Studies In Family Planning
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Book : Studies In Family Planning
Language : English Library : Population Publish Place : New York ISSN : 0039-3665 Volume : 6/1 Period : bimonthly Publish Date : January 1975 Publisher : The Population Council Book Number : 2663 |
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INDEX
contents of this issue
AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR FERTILITY ANALYSIS
Richard A. Easterlin
54
The standard formulation of the microeconomic theory of fertility, which emphasizes the demand for children and, to a lesser extent, the costs of fertility control, is too limited in its scope for use by most demographers and sociologists. The approach advanced in this paper adds to the usual theory a more explicit and formal treatment of the production of children, including the possibility of shifts in production independent of demand conditions.
This more comprehensive framework is compared with the usual approach in the analysis of several empirical problems-non-marital fertility, premodern fertility fluctuations and differentials, and the secular fertility decline-and is shown to be better suited for incorporating the concepts and hypotheses of noneconomists along with those of economists.
REALPOP: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN POPULATION PROGRAMS-RESULTS FROM A TEST IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Charles E. Lawrence and Axel I. Mundigo
64
The structure of a computerized mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs (REALPOP) and its application to the Dominican Republic's national family planning program are described. The model integrates demographic and management science approaches in the analysis of resource allocation, program planning, goal evaluation, and growth strategies of a family planning program. It is designed primarily
to aid administrative decision-makers. The Dominican National Population and Family Council (NPFC) established a goal of reducing the crude birth rate from its 1968 level of 48 per thousand population to 28 per thousand in 15 years. Further, the program has established a clear set of program plans and alternatives. This study investigates the implication of these plans for the program's stated goals.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGE AND FERTILITY RATES IN TAIWAN
John E. Anderson
IN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
72
Using vital statistics data for 1966 on age-education-specific marital fertility rates and comparable data drawn from a sample of Taiwanese women in 1971, the author computes the separate effects of changes in marital fertility, proportions married, age distribution, and educational distribution on changes in the crude birth rate and the fertility rate between 1966 and 1971. The changing educational distribution appears to have been fairly important,
accounting for 24 percent of the 1966-1971 change in crude birth rate, holding other factors constant. For young women, the closely related factors of education and age at marriage seem to dominate fertility over the period, probably reflecting the widespread adoption of contraceptive practice by the lower educational strata. The effects of organized family planning program efforts are probably felt here.contents of this issue
FAMILY PLANNING IN BAD 86
Ida Bagus Astawa, Soegeng Waloeyo, and John E. Laing
Despite low per capita income and little evidence of economic are estimated to be using nonprogram methods. This level of per-development, the response to the government-sponsored family formance is higher than in most other developing areas of the planning program in Bali has been remarkably favorable. After world. A number of the factors that might help to explain the suc-five years of government involvement, a total of 29 percent of cess of the program in Bali are identified, and the future prospects eligible women are estimated to be using program methods, in- for continued success are assessed, eluding 25 percent who have accepted IUDs, and 4 percent more
SRI LANKA: THE IMPACT OF ALLOWING PARAMEDICAL PRESCRIPTION AND RESUPPLY 102 OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Nicholas H. Wright
The 1968 decision of the Sri Lanka Ministry of Health to allow of other contraceptive acceptors. A policy decision on nonclinical
paramedical distribution of oral contraceptives at a reduced price distribution must be implemented rigorously by adequate training
greatly expanded availability. Available data on the immediate of distributors, by ensuring adequate supplies, by assigning im-
effects of this policy indicate that oral contraceptive acceptors portance and responsibility for this activity to the paramedics, and
increased significantly and there was no reduction in the number by educating and motivating acceptors.
ATTITUDES TOWARD MENSTRUATION 106
International Committee on Applied Research in Population prepared by Elizabeth M. Whelan
Historically, various interpretations of the menstrual process have attitudes and practices related to menstruation. This paper been reflected in a wide, and usually negative, range of social briefly outlines historical Western, Orthodox Jewish and Muslim, attitudes toward menstruation. Recent clinical experience with and contemporary US women's attitudes toward menstruation continuation of the modern hormonal and mechanical methods and begins to explore their relationship to contraceptive con-of contraception that induce changes in the normal menstrual tinuation. pattern suggests the need to understand current variations in
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICE OF FAMILY PLANNING 109 IN SINGAPORE
Wan Fook Kee and Saw Swee-Hock
The First National Survey on Family Planning in Singapore was use, satisfaction of clinic users with the Board's services, and designed to gather data that would aid in evaluating the program attitudes that favor greater acceptance of abortion and steriliza-of the National Family Planning and Population Board and the tion. Continued promotion of the concept of the two-child family influence of government population policies on attitudes toward appears necessary in light of divided opinions of respondents on family planning. Interviews with 2,078 currently married women this government recommendation, aged 15-44 revealed high levels of contraceptive knowledge andcontents of this issue
FERTILITY RATES AND ABORTION RATES: SIMULATIONS OF FAMILY LIMITATION 114
Christopher Tietze and John Bongaarts
A computerized model that simulates reproductive events during ception, and (4) combinations of abortion and contraception. It is the childbeanng years of a cohort of women is used to analyze the concluded that in historical as well as in modern populations, impact of contraception and induced abortion on fertility. Four levels of fertility near replacement are unlikely to be obtained different reproductive regimens are investigated: (1) contracep- without the use of induced abortion, tion only, (2) abortion only, (3) abortion as a backstop to contra-
ESTIMATE OF BIRTHS AVERTED IN THE PROFAMILIA PROGRAM 121
Elena Prada-Salas
Kelly s parity approach is used to estimate the number of live program. Kelly's formula is also used, with modifications, to births averted at 6. 12, and 18 months after acceptance by 3,518 estimate the number of fetal losses (stillbirths and spontaneous acceptors at nine Profamilia clinics in 1969. The calculated rates and induced abortions) averted by the sample of users. It is esti-per thousand acceptors at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively, are mated that 86 fetal losses per thousand acceptors are averted at 137, 267, and 363. In order to obtain a general idea of the number 18 months postacceptance. of abortions averted by contraceptive use through the Profamilia
TRADITIONAL MIDWIVES AND FAMILY PLANNING IN ASIA 126
Everett M. Rogers and Douglas S. Solomon
The objectives of this article are to (1) review the contribution of projects have tested the potential performance of traditional mid-traditional midwives to family planning communication in several wives in family planning programs, results have been encouraging. Asian countries; (2) organize knowledge gathered from various In other nations, more research is needed to determine the contri-studies into general guidelines for the most effective use of tradi- bution traditional midwives can make to the family planning tional midwives in family planning programs; and (3) present program, hypotheses for future research. In certain countries where pilot
THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATION OF FAMILY PLANNING CLINICS ON WAITING TIME 134
Alan Keller, Francisco Sanchez Villarreal, Aurora Rabago de Rodriguez, and Sergio Correu
Mathematical simulations and structured observations were used included: inflexibility of clients routes within the clinic and of to assess factors in family planning clinic procedures responsible staff functions, late arrival of staff, patterns of client arrival times, for long waiting times for clients. Principal causes of unneces- and the proportion of clients seen by the doctor, sarily long waiting times in selected clinics of a Mexican programcontents of this issue
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFAMILIA RURAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM IN COLOMBIA 142
Gonzalo Echeverry
In 1970, Colombia s private family planning organization. Pro- describes the organization and operation of the first large-scale familia, began offering services in a few outlying rural areas of rural family planning program in Latin America; the selection, one state. After two years, the rural program was extended to five training, and duties of the four basic categories of program per-other states. By 1974, about 12.400 women had purchased con- sonnel; and the system of record-keeping and follow-up traceptives at distribution posts in 370 rural villages. This paper
EVALUATION OF THE PROFAMILIA RURAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM 148
Jerald Bailey and Juan Correa
An evaluation of the Profamilia Rural Family Planning Program, a mately two years, the program provided family planning services community-based contraceptive distribution system, showed a to 16-21 percent of the eligible women in the areas where it was 12-month all contraception continuation rate of at least 56.4 per- active. The cost per new acceptor was US$6.28 including concent and perhaps as high as 82.4 percent. The pregnancy rate traceptive supplies, and the cost per couple-year of use was (Pearl index) was 2.7 for oral contraceptive users. In approxi- $10.84
FERTILITY DECLINE AND PARTICIPATION IN GEORGIA'S FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM: 156 TEMPORAL AND AREAL ASSOCIATIONS
Philip D. Darney
Fertility change in Georgia from 1960 to 1972 is examined in re- twice as much in high as in low acceptance counties. Because lation to development of the statewide family planning program. socioeconomic factors might also account for fertility change. A temporal association between enrollment of black women aged regression analysis is used to demonstrate that from 1965 to 1971 25 and over and decreasing fertility levels among this group of selected socioeconomic variables became progressively less women is demonstrated. A comparison of fertility change in strongly correlated with declining black fertility levels but re-counties with high contraceptive acceptance rates among black mained constant in their correlation with white fertility levels, women and counties with low rates shows that fertility declined
SINGAPORE: RESUMPTION OF RAPID FERTILITY DECLINE IN 1973 166
Saw Swee-Hock
The proportionately large numbers of women born after World cently introduced measures to discourage large families and be-War II and entering the reproductive ages in recent years have cause of the influence of the Chinese Year of the Tiger In the caused divergent movements in the number of births, the crude near future, the gross reproduction rate may approach replace-birth rate, and the gross reproduction rate. After many years of ment level and ultimately lead to zero population growth, which is decline, the gross reproduction rate reached a low of 1.359 in the newly stated objective of the Singapore government 1973, and it is likely to show a further dip in 1974 because of re-
LONG-TERM USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES BY IUD ACCEPTORS IN TAICHUNG, TAIWAN 170
Baron L. Moots and Ming-Cheng Chang
Six- to nine-year contraceptive-pregnancy histories following of the follow-up period permits documentation of changes in
acceptance of an IUD in a family planning program are sum- motivation (shifts in use of contraceptives from spacing to- limit
marized for a sample of women in Taichung, Taiwan. High levels ing); convergence of differentials related to IUD terminations; and
of protection against pregnancy were maintained despite the a more rapid rate of decline in termination rates than forecast by
high rates of discontinuation characteristic of the IUD. The length analyses of data for shorter time periods.contents of this issue
POPULATION PROGRAMS 1985: A GROWING MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE
David C. Korten
178
Based on extensive interviews, country site visits, and a review of the current literature, the author attempts to identify major forces that will shape the world population effort over the next decade. He anticipates a growing willingness to directly confront demographic issues, not as a separate specialized activity but as an integral part of the development process. As a result, population programs may be expected to become increasingly diverse
and complex, including a growing focus on population policy issues in development planning and the integration of family planning efforts in broadly based rural development schemes Although the author sees important new opportunities in these developments, he points to the increasingly complex organizational arrangements they will involve and the greater variety and sophistication of the management skills required.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A CONTRACEPTIVE EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR POSTABORTION PATIENTS IN CHILE
Ellen Hardy and Karen Herud
188
In order to reduce the incidence of repeat abortions, the maternity ward of the Barros Luco-Trudeau Hospital in Santiago, Chile, established a contraceptive education program for post-abortion patients referred to the hospital because of complications. The purpose was to inform them about family planning, to provide contraceptives, and to refer them to a family planning clinic. Of a total of 1,484 women seen at the hospital between
1 July 1971 and 28 February 1972, 993 participated in interviews and educational talks given by volunteers, and 491 served as a control group. Sixty-seven percent of those in the educational group accepted contraceptives compared with 42 percent in the control group. In both groups, younger and single women accepted in significantly smaller proportions than other women.
STATUS AND ROLES OF WOMEN AS FACTORS IN FERTILITY BEHAVIOR:
A POLICY ANALYSIS 192
Adrienne Germain
Demographers and others concerned about high rates of population growth have recognized the importance of certain aspects of the status and roles of women as determinants of fertility behavior. Development planners and other policy-makers have also begun to realize the magnitude of women's various contributions to family income and the national economy. It is difficult, how-
ever, to translate this recognition into concrete programs and policies. In this article, demographic evidence from the Third World is reviewed, a rationale for fuller inclusion of women in national development as agents and beneficiaries is developed, and possible strategies are outlined.
THAILAND'S FIELD-WORKER EVALUATION PROJECT
Yawarat Porapakkham, Peter J. Donaldson, and Thavisak Svetsreni
201
The results of a two-year study of the performance of different types of family planning field workers in rural Thailand are summarized in this report. Three types of field workers were employed, salaried workers, workers paid on an incentive basis, and volunteers. Field workers did raise acceptance levels, and volunteers seemed to do a particularly effective job. Moreover, continu-
ation rates in areas served by field workers were favorable. Although shortcomings in the research design limited the analysis in several important respects, the report concludes that family planning field workers would be a valuable addition to Thailand's National Family Planning Programcontents of this issue
AN EXPERIMENT WITH PAYMENT, QUOTA, AND CLINIC AFFILIATION SCHEMES FOR LAY 326 MOTIVATORS IN THE PHILIPPINES
James F. Phillips, Aurora Silayan-Go, and Aurora Pal-Montano
The Philippine Commission on Population conducted an experi- paid on a per-acceptor basis with no quota was superior by all
merit in 1973 to test the effect of alternative payment, quota, and measures to the performance of motivators paid under the other
clinic affiliation schemes on the performance of motivational schemes-flat-rate salary with quota, salary plus bonus with
workers. The study employed three experimental treatments and quota for an individual, and salary plus bonus with quota for a
two control treatments, each composed of 18 motivators. The group. Misregistration of acceptors decreased if motivators were
findings indicate that the performance of motivators who were assigned to areas rather than to specific clinics.
A COMPARISON OF THE LIPPES LOOP, THE TCU-200, AND THE DALKON SHIELD 335 IN A SINGLE CLINIC IN COLOMBIA
Abel Villegas, Gonzalo Echeverry, and Anthony R. Measham
The performance of the Lippes loop, TCu-200, and Dalkon Shield vices. Pregnancy and removal rates for the three devices did not was compared in a single Colombian clinic. Approximately 500 show statistically significant differences. Although the Lippes women received each device, and all insertions were carried out loop had the lowest observed continuation rate, it was not sig-by two physicians. One-year data from clinic history records nificantly different from those of the TCu-200 or Dalkon Shield, and follow-up interview data demonstrated that the Lippes loop Standardization of rates by parity did not affect these findings, had a significantly higher expulsion rate than the other two de-
IUD REINSERTION IN TAICHUNG: A STUDY OF FIRST AND LATER SEGMENTS 338
J. S. Chen, I. H. Su, and L. P. Chow
Analysis of the reinsertion of IDDs has become increasingly im- expulsion and lowest following terminations by voluntary re-
portant because a growing proportion of IUD acceptances are moval, regardless of the order of segment. The shape of cumula-
reinsertions. This article presents the results of a study on the tive reinsertion rates appears to be similar for all three segments,
reinsertion rates of the first, second, and third segments of IUD although small differences in reinsertion rates are noted. Women
use in Taichung during July 1962-December 1971. Data show that who have lower termination rates generally show higher reinser-
reinsertion rates are generally highest following terminations by tion rates for all three segments.
THE VALIDITY OF RETROSPECTIVE REPORTS OF UNWANTED BIRTHS IN THE 345 UNITED STATES: EFFECTS OF PREFERENCE FOR CHILDREN OF A GIVEN SEX
David L. Kruegel
The validity of retrospective reports of unwanted births is studied unwanted more often than births that do satisfy such preferences
by hypothesizing that preferences both for children of a given The source of data is the reproductive histories of the 5,617
sex and for families with children of both sexes distort retrospec- women interviewed in the 1965 United States National Fertility
tive reports of unwanted births. Births that do not satisfy sex Study. The analysis shows that preference for children of a given
preferences are hypothesized to be retrospectively reported as sex moderately distorts retrospective reports of unwanted births.
MATERNITY INSURANCE IN THE UNITED STATES: AN IDEA WHOSE TIME HAS PASSED 349
Robert D. Fischer
Maternity insurance, in the past, was an important part of health event is no longer unpredictable, and maternity insurance is no
insurance programs in the United States. This is because couples longer justifiable. Savings plans or payroll deductions would be
were not able to reliably predict the number of children they a more economical means to finance the costs of pregnancy and
would have. Because of advances in contraceptive technology, childbearing both for prospective parents and for the society
couples can now effectively plan their pregnancies; thus, the at large.contents of this issue
LESSONS FROM THE CHINESE EXPERIENCE: CHINA'S PLANNED BIRTH PROGRAM AND ITS TRANSFERABILITY
Pi-chao Chen with the collaboration of Ann Elizabeth Miller
354
This article describes the most salient developments in the planned birth program of the People's Republic of China during the 1970s and discusses the potential for transfer of some features to other countries. Many Chinese activities are of interest because they are designed for a country with scarce resources I for development and a low-income population. Some particular
program features worth noting are: the encouragement of local initiative and experimentation, specific methods for the diffusion of innovation; and total integration of the health system with other development -political, administrative, economic, and social-at the grass-roots level.
TYPE AND TIME OF INSEMINATION WITHIN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HUMAN SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
Rodrigo Guerrero
367
Data that strongly suggest that the timing of insemination affects the human sex ratio at birth are presented. Two studies conducted by the author, including a total of 1,318 pregnancies, in which timing of insemination was related to the shift in basal
body temperature are discussed, and previous literature is reviewed. The differential effect of type of insemination-natural versus artificial - is noted. The further question of why timing and type of insemination affects the human sex ratio is also explored.
ATTITUDES TOWARD FAMILY PLANNING, MARRIAGE, AND FAMILY SIZE AMONG UNMARRIED WOMEN IN KOREA
Kun Yong Song
372
Data from the 1973 National Fertility and Family Planning Survey show that young unmarried women aged 18-27 desire small families and support family planning. These women express a lower son preference than did young currently married women surveyed in 1973 and earlier. A majority of the respondents ap-
prove of the "stop at two" slogan of the family planning association, and they want to obtain more information about contraception before marrying Unfortunately,survey results show that present sources of contraceptive information, including the schools, have not proved adequate.contents of this issue
DIFFERENTIALS IN FERTILITY, FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICE, AND FAMILY SIZE VALUES IN SOUTH KOREA, 1965-1971
378
John Stoeckel
Data from five Korean national KAP surveys of currently married women, conducted between 1965 and 1971, are analyzed to determine whether differentials have emerged or are emerging between urban and rural women in three factors of crucial importance for population growth: fertility, family planning practice, and family size values. Graphics are used throughout to analyze urban-rural differentials and trends in these factors over time. In addition, two statistical tests, the sign and binomial, are applied to the differentials to provide a tabular summary of results. Part I provides background information on population growth, urbanization, the achievements of the national family planning program, and economic development in Korea since the 1950s. Part II describes both urban-rural differentials in fertility, as
measured by mean parity, for married women aged 30-39 between 1966 and 1971; and urban-rural differentials in the proportions of women aged 25-39 currently practicing family planning between 1965 and 1971. Part III analyzes urban-rural differences in ideal family size and ideal number of sons, controlling for number of living children and number of living sons. Part IV attempts to evaluate the impact of the national family planning program on the fertility, family planning practice, and family size values of the rural population by examining the findings on urban-rural differentials in the context of social and economic development, viewing the program as one of a multitude of variables that can affect these factors.
FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING IN THAILAND: RESULTS FROM TWO ROUNDS OF A NATIONAL STUDY
402
John Knodel and Pichit Pitaktepsombati
The Longitudinal Study of Social, Economic, and Demographic Change was undertaken during the late 1960s to provide detailed national information on behavior and attitudes related to fertility and family planning in Thailand. Results from the second round of the study indicate that the practice of family planning increased substantially in both rural and urban areas during the three-year interval between the two rounds. During this period, marital fertility registered a decline in the urban areas. This was a result of a small rise in fertility among Bangkok-Thonburi women combined with a sharp decline in fertility among provincial urban women. Because the National Family Planning Program was officially begun at the time of the first round, its role in the increase in contraceptive use is examined.
Although the study shows that the desired number of children is substantially below the actual number of children Thai women have by the end of their reproductive years, the desired number of children is still well above the number usually considered ideal in developed countries. Nonetheless, changes in reproductive behavior appear to reflect the impact of modernization on Thai society. In urban areas, marital fertility is only moderately high and a substantial proportion of couples practice family planning. Of particular importance over the remainder of the decade will be the reproductive behavior of rural women, who constitute an extremely high proportion of the Thai female population.contents of this issue
OBSTACLES TO FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICE IN URBAN MOROCCO 418
Fatima Mernissi
Sixty in-depth interviews with mothers living in an urban slum of support networks of the traditional extended family complicate
Morocco probed resistances to practicing modern methods of the difficult lives of young mothers in the urban slum. While such
fertility control and began to shed light on some of the reasons factors tend to encourage smaller families, the uncertainties and
family planning programs often fail to reach illiterate target complexities of the socioeconomic structure contribute to the
populations. Economic insecurity and the disintegration of the problems blocking access to modern methods of fertility control.
HOW DOCTORS IN BOLIVIA AND THE PHILIPPINES VIEW STERILIZATION 426
Donald W. MacCorquodale, Antonio G. Cisneros, and Anthony R. Measham
Attitudes toward sterilization of 165 Bolivian obstetrician/gyne- toward sterilization were more likely to be younger, to be male,
cologists surveyed in 1974 and those of a randomly selected to have a lower degree of religiosity, and to regard high fertility
group of 200 Philippine family planning physicians studied in as a problem for the family rather than the state or society. Tenta-
1972 are described. Although the attitudes of Bolivian respon-live explanations are offered for the differences in attitudes be-
dents were less favorable to sterilization, a majority of both groups tween the two groups of physicians. Finally, the increasing de-
of physicians favored making sterilization available under certain mand for. and availability of, sterilization in Latin America is
conditions. In Bolivia, physicians with more favorable attitudes noted.
THE CONTAINMENT OF WORLD POPULATION GROWTH 429
John C. Caldwell
The world has reached the present position of unprecedentedly tential has not been realized, and such programs are too often rapid population growth not by achieving uniquely high fertility perceived both by their administrators and the population con-but by bringing about extraordinarily low mortality. The high cerned as an end in themselves rather than a means toward a growth rate and the built-in momentum of the age structure are better standard of living. It is in this latter perspective, and in obstacles to achievement of an acceptable standard of living for the context of the total development process, that population most of the world's population. Although government population programs should be implemented, programs have the potential to curb this growth rate, this po-
THE HEALTH OF MOTHER AND CHILD IN RURAL CENTRAL AFRICA 437
Henri L. Vis, Michel Bossuyt, Philippe Hennart, and Michel Carael
In the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa, the population suf- of time each child could be breastfed and reducing the protein
fers from severe proteo-caloric malnutrition, with adverse affects available to each child. Hence, the authors recommend modern
on maternal and child health. Improvement of maternal nutrition birth spacing methods in combination with programs to improve
would lead to rapid consecutive pregnancies, reducing the length the health of mother and child.
THIS INDEX is the second cumulative index covering the Population Council's periodicals Studies In Family Planning, Reports on Population/Family Planning, and Country Profiles. The first cumulative index includes all material published in these periodicals through December 1972The present index references all issues of these periodicals published between January 1973 and December1975 It supersedes the 1973 and 1974 annual index supplements, combining all material contained in them, and also references issues of Studies, Reports, and Profiles published I during 1975
The index is divided into two sections, author-title and subject. The geographic index, previously a separate section, has been combined with the subject index.
Studies is a monthly publication containing articles on a wide range of topics related to population and family planning. Reports is a series of occasional mono-graphs, each of which presents in depth current information and evidence on a central topic related to the field. Profiles cover selected countries, describing the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of each country and the nature, scope, and accomplishments of population activities. Both Reports and Profiles are updated when significant developments warrant, and only current issues are indexed.
To assist the reader in locating issues of they are listed below, arranged chrono-Reports and Profiles cited in this index, logically according to the index style
Reports on Population/Family Planning (RPFP)
5/73 "Population policy in development planning: A study of seventy less developed countries," B. Maxwell Stamper, no. 13, May 1973
1/74 "World population: Status report 1974," Bernard Berelson, no. 15, January 1974
6/74 "Findings from family planning research: Latin American supplement," Albert M. Marckwardt, no. 12, supplement, June 1974
8/74 "Parental age as a factor in pregnancy outcome and child development," Dorothy Nortman, no. 16, August 1974
1/75 "Women's rights and fertility," Ruth B. Dixon, no. 17, January 1975
10/75 "Population and family planning programs: A factbook," Dorothy Nortman, no. 2 (seventh ed.), October 1975
11/75 "The International Postpartum Family Planning Program: Eight years of
experience," Robert G. Castadot, Irving Sivin, Petra Reyes, J. Oscar Alers, Martha Chappie, and Jerry Russell, no. 18, November 1975
12/75 "Induced abortion: 1975 factbook," ChirstopherTietze and Marjorie Cooper Murstein, no. 14 (second ed .),December 1975
Country Profiles (CP)
1/73 Dominican Republic
2/73 Nigeria
9/73 Morocco
10/73 Peru
12/73 Barbados
4/74 Costa Rica
7/74 Hungary
9/74 Canada
2/75 United Kingdom
6/75 Venezuela
8/75 MalaysiaCONTENTS
Preface
Program and Performance . . .
... By Acceptors
... By Methods
... By Setting and Effort
... By Effect on Birth Rates Illustrative Country Cases
Demonstration Projects
A Developed Country Program: The United States Alternative Means of Fertility Intervention Conclusion and Commentary Appendix A Social Setting and Program Effort
Appendix B Regression Analysis of Social Setting and Program Effort
contents of this issue
AN APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF MENSTRUAL PATTERNS 42 IN THE CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CONTRACEPTIVES
German Rodriguez, Anibal Faundes-Latham, and Linda E. Atkinson
An approach to a standardized analysis of menstrual bleeding of each woman having equal value The method is thus applicable to patterns is presented. The method utilizes a prospective bleeding the study of menstrual patterns of both normal, untreated women, and record and characterizes the menstrual pattern of a woman according women on experimental contraceptive regimens in which expected to bleeding and nonbleeding events without imposing definitions of bleeding patterns are disrupted The methodology is aided by corn-cycle or intermenstrual bleeding. Further, the analysis is done within a puter programs to process the data and by the use of standard time reference period similar to life-table analysis, with the experience statistical packages for comparison of output data of different groups
CHINA'S POPULATION FIGURES: CAN THE CONTRADICTIONS BE RESOLVED? 52
Leo A. Orleans
In recent years, the government of the People's Republic of China has ther. more accurate, demographic data are produced The paper been reporting the country's population as "nearly 800 million." A presents and discusses alternate population estimates and pro-variety of evidence suggests that this approximation is the best jections by UN, US, and USSR specialists currently available in China, and that it may be some time before fur-
PARTICIPATIVE STYLE OF MANAGEMENT IN A FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM 58
M. N. Murthi
In 1973, a small-scale project to involve family planning staff in pro- groups, a work plan was drawn up. Monthly review meetings were
gram management was introduced in the Sangam primary health held to discuss progress in implementing the plan. The proiect was
center in Andhra Pradesh by the Administrative Staff College of India, found to have a positive effect on staff morale and commitment, and
Hyderabad Through group meetings, involving all levels of health program acceptance levels increased In light of the success of the
center personnel, problem areas were identified and analyzed and project at Sangam, a proposal has been submitted to the government
solutions sought On the basis of recommendations made by the to expand the project to other primary health centers in the district
CURRENT PUBLICATIONS 63
contents of this issue
THE DILEMMA OF FAMILY PLANNING IN A NORTH INDIAN STATE
B. D. Misra, Ruth Simmons, Ali Ashraf, and George Simmons
66
An empirical study of the family planning program and its clients in the rural areas of Allahabad Division of Uttar Pradesh in India was undertaken in 1971-72. While family planning acceptance in this region is low, interviews with villagers and family planning staff suggest that organizational shortcomings of the program may help to explain the low level of acceptance. The reported level of contact between the
program field staff and the village population was unexpectedly low The paper discusses a number of administrative problems within the family planning organization, especially at the level of the primary health center It is concluded that in designing family planning programs, efforts should be made to minimize organizational requirements.
MODERNISM AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN COLOMBIA
Wendy H. Baldwin and Thomas R. Ford
75
This analysis addresses the question of whether fertility can be lowered without the prior occurrence of the social and economic changes that have come to be labeled modernization. The data show that there exists in Colombia a relatively high level of motivation to control fertility that, for many women, is not coupled with both knowledge of and
access to a method of contraception. For the "traditional" woman, the problem may not be lack of motivation so much as lack of access to methods that she is aware of, such as the pill, and lack of knowledge of methods that require few resources or supplies, such as rhythm and withdrawal.
THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM, 1968-74
Joy G. Dryfoos
80
In the United States, there are currently an estimated 30 million women at risk of unwanted pregnancy; of these, more than 12 million low-and marginal-income women aged 20-44 and adolescents of all incomes appear to be in need of subsidized family planning services. A family planning delivery system capable of serving approximately one-half of these women has been rapidly organized: the clinic program
has grown from 900,000 clients in 1968 to 3.4 million in 1974. and the private sector is assumed to be providing care for 3 million more The allocation of federal funds, the enactment of supportive policies and laws, and the organization of a specialized and centralized agency in the federal government have been factors in the initiation and expansion of family planning services.
contents of this issue
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HEALTH AND POPULATION 94
Carl E. Taylor, Jeanne S. Newman, and Narindar U. Kelly
Both health and population have multiple direct and indirect, as well considered a major cause of population growth, the authors argue
as positive and negative, influences on each other and on the develop- that health programs can also contribute to a more rapid decline in
ment process. There is much evidence to show that high fertility pro- birth rates by facilitating the increased practice of family planning.
duces multiple health hazards and that family planning is one of the Evidence is reviewed to support the position that family planning ser-
most effective health measures available. Conversely, there are also vices can be more effective,efficient, and acceptable when combined
multiple ways in which health influences fertility. Whereas health ser- with maternal and child health and nutrition programs. vices resulting in reduced morbidity and mortality have often been
A REPORT ON A CONTRACEPTIVE SOCIAL MARKETING EXPERIMENT 101 IN RURAL KENYA
Timothy R. L. Black and Philip D. Harvey
There is a recognized need for the development of nonmedical, grass- to achieving a condom sales level of 0.21 pieces per capita after
roots family planning delivery systems. This report describes the re- 12 months, the program had a marked impact on family planning
suits of a two-year experiment in rural Kenya in which local marketing knowledge and practice, although not on attitudes The authors
resources were utilized to promote and distribute condoms through assess the program's performance in relation to its goals and suggest
village stores. The impact of the extensive advertising campaign on how such social marketing programs could have far-reaching signifi-
the test market area was measured by comparison with a control cance in most developing countries. area and by before, during, and after sample surveys. In addition
SOME ASPECTS OF HEALTH CARE IN RURAL NIGERIA 109
Frank L. Mott
1973 and 1974 surveys of Ibo women of childbearing age were under- health care and family planning attitudes suggests that a health pro-
taken in order to obtain baseline information for developing a commu- gram offering family planning services in this region should consider
nity health program. Findings from the village of Ebendo show ex- offering subfertility counseling; providing services free or nearly free;
tremely high fertility rates and infant and maternal mortality levels and focusing on the younger women who are more receptive to family
as well as high desired family size. An examination of the traditional planning.
A COMPARISON OF THE COPPER T-200 AND THE LIPPES LOOP 115 IN FOUR COUNTRIES
Irving Sivin
A comparative field trial of the Copper TCu-200 and the Lippes loop rates. For women with three or fewer living children. TCu-200 expul-was conducted in Colombia, Iran, Korea, and Thailand from 1971 sion rates were markedly below Lippes loop rates in all four countries. to 1973. The study, involving 7,400 women, provided two-year first The comparative advantage accruing to the TCu-200 on this charac-segment continuation and termination rates. In three countries, TCu- teristic did not extend to the two-year continuation rates 200 expulsion rates were significantly below Lippes loop expulsion
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THE CHANGING AFRICAN FAMILY PROJECT: A REPORT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NIGERIAN SEGMENT
Francis Olu Okediji, John Caldwell, Pat Caldwell, and Helen Ware
126
The Changing African Family Project was begun in 1973 as a cooperative venture of the Sociology Department of the University of Ibadan and the Demography Department of the Australian National University, with research institutes and individual researchers in 11 representative countries of Africa, to investigate the preconditions for fertility decline. This paper reports initial findings from the large Nigerian segment of the project, which was used as a laboratory, and presents technical
information about the surveys, as well as findings on economic supports for high fertility, factors affecting fertility, the role of sexual abstinence in determining fertility levels, the increase in contraception and its relation to family size limitation, and the incidence and nature of achieved small families. Information is also provided on the projects in Cameroon, the Congo (Brazzaville), Ghana, and the Sudan.
PREFERENCES FOR SEX OF CHILDREN IN THAILAND: OF HUSBANDS' AND WIVES' ATTITUDES
John Knodel and Visid Prachuabmoh
A COMPARISON
137
Findings on sex preference for children from a Thai national survey show substantial differences for men and women. Married women appear to have a weak or moderate preference for sons, coexisting with a desire to have a least one child of each sex. Their husbands' preference for sons is noticeably more pronounced. Son preference is strongest among urban ethnic Chinese men but is also substantial
among ethnic Thai men. There is also some evidence that men like to have at least one daughter. The contrasting patterns of sex preferences found for men and women in Thailand suggest that results can be misleading if studies of sex preferences for children are based exclusively on samples of married women
FAMILY PLANNING IN PAKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS OF SOME FACTORS CONSTRAINING USE
Ismail Sirageldin, Douglas Morris, and J. Gilbert Hardee
Family planning efforts by the Pakistan government were greatly expanded during its third Five-Year Plan (1965-70). Cross-sectional data obtained from the 1968-69 IMPACT Survey are analyzed to determine the relative importance of demand and availability factors in explaining the response of Pakistani couples to the program's efforts. The findings indicate that the proportion of couples who express interest in controlling their fertility in the future is larger than the proportion
144
who report current use of a family planning method. The analysis, however, shows that the program delivery system did not reach most of those who indicated they were potential users. When adequate availability was reported, family planning was adopted despite existing traditional social constraints; nonetheless, the analysis also points out that the potential of the program was severely limited by these constraints.
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IMPACT OF A RURAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM IN ISHAN, NIGERIA, 1969-72
Ghazi M. Farooq and Lawrence A. Adeokun
In Nigeria's Midwestern State, repeated childbearing is a major barrier to the improvement of maternal and child health. The infant mortality rate is 112 per 1,000; both actual and ideal family size are reported to average more than seven children; and the crude birth rate is in excess of 50 per 1,000. Ishan Division of the Midwestern State initiated its first organized family planning program in 1969. A multi-
158
round survey conducted at one-year intervals between 1969 and 1972 measured the program's impact The results show that knowledge of at least one contraceptive method increased from 13 percent to 55 percent, and the proportion of respondents practicing contraception rose from less than 1 percent to 24 percent
A PROFILE OF FAMILY PLANNING CLIENTS AT THE FAMILY HEALTH CLINIC, LAGOS, NIGERIA
Muriel A. Oyediran and E. O. Ewumi
170
An analysis of the data collected from the Family Health Clinic in 1972 shows that the majority of women who attended the clinic during that year were aged 20-39, had between three and five children, and had little or no education. A comparison of these data with those for all Lagos clinics in 1958-68 shows an increase in the percentage
of younger women and women with fewer children seeking family planning services. This suggests a growing interest in family planning at younger ages and an increasing awareness of its value for spacing rather than limiting pregnancies.
BREASTFEEDING, AMENORRHEA, AND ABSTINENCE IN A JAVANESE VILLAGE: A CASE STUDY OF MOJOLAMA
Masri Singarimbun and Chris Manning
175
Data relating to birth interval determinants from a village study in central Java have been analyzed to show which factors contribute to the relatively low levels of fertility found in this area. The results indicate that extended durations of abstinence (averaging 23.4 months after the births of children surviving two years or more) is the major factor involved. This prolonged abstinence is linked to breastfeeding
because of the belief that sexual intercourse has a detrimental effect on the mother's milk. The average duration of breastfeeding for children surviving to weaning was 25.6 months. Durations of breastfeeding appear to be shortening, however, with consequent reductions in periods of postpartum abstinence
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contents of this issue
CONTRACEPTION AND FERTILITY IN MOROCCO AND TUNISIA 182
Jean Lecomte and Alain Marcoux
Recent surveys provide information on the practice of contraception in lives. In Tunisia, the availability of legalized induced abortion and
Morocco and Tunisia The acceptance level is clearly higher in Tunisia. female sterilization gives the program a demographic effectiveness
In both countries, however, acceptors are of relatively high age and superior to that of the Moroccan program. Nonetheless, the influence
have a large number of living children. The use-effectiveness of the of the two programs on the reproductive patterns of their respective
IUD appears to be high-about twice as high as that of oral contracep- populations is limited at the present time
CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS IN MOJOKERTO REGENCY, INDONESIA: 188 A COMPARISON OF REGULAR PROGRAM AND SPECIAL DRIVE ACCEPTORS
Jeremiah Sullivan, Haryono Suyono, Wongsokusumo Bahrawi, and A. Hartoadi
The results of a contraceptive use-effectiveness follow-up study of less successful than IUD acceptors, but they constitute a larger family planning acceptors in Mojokerto Regency, East Java, include proportion of all acceptors. Special drive pill acceptors are significantly comparisons between acceptors in the regular national program and less successful contraceptors than regular program pill acceptors The acceptors recruited during special drives in late 1972 and early 1973. study also provides information on acceptor-count validity in the special IUD acceptors in both the regular program and the special drives drives and the regular program, are highly persistent and successful contraceptors. Pill acceptors are
POPULATION EDUCATION AS A COMPONENT OF DEVELOPMENT POLICY 197
Riad B. Tabbarah
This paper attempts to determine the direction and extent of the effect it tends to reduce or eliminate unwanted births and, to that extent,
of population education on demographic variables, particularly fertility, speed up the decline in fertility. If further reduction of fertility is wanted,
in the context of socioeconomic development. The framework for the the desire for children must be affected, and this must be done through
analysis is the "model of demographic development." At the very early "developmental" population policies (e.g, "beyond family planning"),
stages of development, population education tends both to raise fertility Population education is not a substitute for these policies but a
and to delay the onset of fertility decline. At later stages, however, complement to them.
COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES 202 IN RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Peter J. Davies and Walter Rodrigues
A new nonclinical approach to the delivery of family planning services technical assistance and contraceptives. The state s secretariats of
-free distribution of oral contraceptives by community volunteers- health and education are cooperating, along with local mayors and
has been initiated in Rio Grande do Norte, one of the poorest states community leaders. More than 32,000 women are active in the pro-
in northeastern Brazil. The Sociedade Civil de Bern Estar Familiar gram. The effective use of volunteers (teachers, midwives, nurses.
no Brasil (Brazilian Association for Family Welfare), a national community leaders) in education and distribution is of particular signifi-
organization affliliated with the International Planned Parenthood Fed- cance. eration, signed an agreement with the governor in 1973 to provide
CURRENT PUBLICATIONS
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FOREWORD 210
Christopher Tietze
ABORTION RESEARCH IN LATIN AMERICA 211
Santiago Gaslonde Sainz
Since 1959. an increasing number of epidemiological studies have from some of the major studies are presented, and the main problem collected data on the incidence of illegal abortion in Latin America. areas in abortion research are discussed, in an attempt to foster better Comparisons of the various studies and interpretations of the findings survey design and techniques and more careful use of the resulting are hampered by differences in definitions, criteria, and methodology information in planning preventive programs, used and by misunderstandings of what the data represent. Findings
THE IMPACT OF LIBERALIZED ABORTION LEGISLATION 218 ON CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE IN DENMARK
Ronald L. Somers and Michala Gammeltoft
In an effort to detect and delineate changes in Danish contraceptive nancy, the estimated rate of conception has risen markedly (though
practice during a period marked by liberalized abortion legislation, this may be artifactual). Concurrently, the sale of oral contraceptives
data are examined on estimated rates of conception and sales of has decreased significantly, and the sale of IUDs has increased signif-
the IUD and orals. Since October 1973, when Denmark adopted a icantly. The apparent increase in IUD use is not sufficient to compen-
policy allowing abortion on demand through the 12th week of preg- sate for the decreased use of orals.
INDUCED ABORTION AND CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE: 224 AN EXPERIENCE IN TAIWAN
I. H. Su and L. P. Chow
Contraceptive behavior before and after abortion was studied in a users after abortion than users become nonusers. The effect, how-group of 505 women who were included in the Taoyuan epidemiologi- ever, is minimal, and the authors recommend that family planning cal studies of outcome of pregnancy and who reported having had programs introduce an immediate postabortion contraceptive innun-at least one abortion. The results suggest that abortion has some dation approach to reduce the incidence of repeat abortions. "positive learning effect": more nonusers of contraception become
THE INFLUENCE OF INDUCED ABORTION ON TAIWANESE FERTILITY 231
J. M. Sullivan, K. H. Su, and T. H. Liu
In the last 24 years, the Taiwanese total fertility rate has declined to estimate the percentage increase in fertility that would occur in 57 percent: from 7.04 in 1951 to 3.04 in 1974. Although many studies the absence of induced abortion,assuming no changes in contracep-have investigated this fertility transition, comparatively little analysis live practice. The results show that, in the absence of induced abor-has been done on the role of induced abortion. This paper presents tion, the total fertility rate for Taiwan in 1968 would have been greater estimates of the degree of fertility limitation achieved through induced by at least 12 percent, and quite possibly by as much as 19 percent, abortion during 1968. The Sheps fertility simulation model is used
CURRENT PUBLICATIONS 239contents of this issue
FERTILITY TRENDS: 1950-75
W. Parker Mauldin
During the past 25 years, the world's population increased by 60 percent to 4 billion people. The period witnessed a momentous decline in mortality, which will probably continue in the developing countries. Fertility has fallen dramatically in the developed countries to quite low levels. In the developing countries, where the bulk of the world's population is concentrated, fertility is still high, although it has begun to decline in some countries. Reductions in fertility have been dramatic
242
in Asia and the Pacific; substantial in Central and South America, and hardly noticeable in Africa. Increasingly, population policies will be considered as an integral part of social and economic development; and family planning will receive increasing attention as a human right, as an element of improved maternal and child health, and also as a means of moderating high rates of population growth.
FERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE: BOGOTA, 1964-74
Jerald Bailey, Carol Measham, and Maria Umana
249
The results of a 1974 survey of 6,692 Bogota women aged 15-49 conducted by the Colombian Association for Population Studies show that, in the last decade, approval of family planning practice increased 34 percent, contraceptive practice nearly doubled, and fertility declined by over 45 percent. Life-table analysis shows unusually high continuation rates for Bogota women. Data concerning crossovers
between Bogota's three family planning programs and the commercial sector indicate that the manufacturers of contraceptives benefit from program activities. The study demonstrates, for the first time in Latin America, the feasibility of using a probability sample of the general female population to evaluate family planning programs.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IRANIAN AUXILIARY MIDWIFE IN IUD INSERTION 261
Elaine Zeighami, Bahram Zeighami, A. E. Eftekhari, and Parviz Khoshnevis
the two groups were very similar, as were the net closure rates for various categories of termination. No cases of severe complication were known to have occurred in either series. This evidence indicates that a rural midwife, following short, intensive training in the technique, can insert IUDs as safely and effectively as physicians and nurse-mid-wives.
In Iran, a traditional rural midwife is allowed to perform pelvic exams and insert lUDs under conditions of almost total independence after she has received one month of intensive training in the procedures. The present study compared two groups containing 232 village women each, matched for age and parity. One group had lUDs inserted by rural midwives and the other by physicians or nurse-mid-wives at urban clinics. The one-year and two-year closure rates for
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264contents of this issue
THE DANFA FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM IN RURAL GHANA
Daniel A. Ampofo, David D. Nicholas, S.Ofo su-Amaah, Stewart Blumenfeld, and Alfred K. Neumann
266
In the first two and a half years of its operation, the Danfa Comprehensive Rural Health and Family Planning Project used a mobile family planning team to provide services in both clinics and villages throughout a 150-square-mile area of Ghana, having a population of 45,000. Sixteen percent of couples accepted family planning during this period. Fifty-four percent of the women acceptors chose the pill and 17 percent the IUD. More than half of all acceptors, however, were men. The annual per capita cost was US$0.40. Because accessibility
of services was found to be one of the major determinants of acceptance, community distribution programs using traditional midwives and other volunteers are being developed, and resident clinic health workers are also being trained so that they will be able to offer family planning services on a daily basis. A combination of clinic-based and community-based services may help to make modern family planning part of the usual life style of rural Africa.
THE KOREAN MOTHERS' CLUB PROGRAM
Hyung Jong Park, D. Lawrence Kincaid, Kyung Kyoon Chung, Dal Sun Man, and Sea Baick Lee
275
The Mothers' Club Program was one of the first attempts in Korea to mobilize existing channels of interpersonal communication at the village level to promote family planning and assist field-workers. Between 1968 and 1975, over 28,000 clubs were organized involving over 700,000 women in most of Korea's villages. This article reports
the results of a 1973 national survey of 450 club leaders and a census of women in 25 villages. A brief history and overview of the program are also presented, and the impact of the program is discussed in relation to general socioeconomic development.
THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION IN HONG KONG'S FERTILITY DECLINE
K. C. Chan
284
During 1961-71, a 34 percent decline in the gross reproduction rate was observed in Hong Kong. This paper presents facts from the available data to bring to light the part played by the Family Planning Association in directly affecting the timing and pattern of fertility de-
cline. The main emphasis is on documenting the large volume of services provided by the Association and the impact of those services on the practice of contraception in Hong Kong.
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290contents of this issue
THE PREDICTABILITY OF FERTILITY PLANNING STATUS 294
Norman B. Ryder
For any couple, the planning status of a pregnancy (what they in- of these relationships. The patterns of continuity and change in plan-tended, whether they used contraception, and whether they were sue- ning status from pregnancy to pregnancy provide a parsimonious de-cessful) is strongly dependent on the planning status of their preceding scription of reproductive behavior over the course of the life cycle pregnancy. The introduction of more acceptable and effective and of the major trends in planning in the recent past, methods of fertility regulation has, however, attenuated the strength
THE MODEL FAMILY PLANNING PROJECT IN ISFAHAN, IRAN 308
Roy C. Treadway, Robert W. Gillespie, and Mehdi Loghmani
In the 1972-74 Isfahan Model Family Planning Project, which grew methods rose from 6 percent to 21 percent by the end of the project
out of previous family planning projects in Isfahan, contraceptive edu- period. Continuation rates for the pill and IUD were comparable to
cation and services were provided by private doctors, family planning those in other, more urban programs. Field-workers proved to be more
clinics, health centers, nurses, midwives, full-time field-workers, func- effective in recruiting new acceptors than health workers and function-
tionaries, and the mass media on a comprehensive and integrated aries; mass media and relatives played indirect roles.
tionaries, and the mass media on a comprehensive and integrated basis. The percent of married women aged 15-44 using modern
ANALYST BIASES IN KAP SURVEYS: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON 322
John W. Ratcliffe
The analysis phase of the KAP survey, in which meanings are from Bangladesh were presented to four groups of analysts who dif-
ascribed to found empirical relationships, has largely been ignored fered in degree of familiarity with the Bangladesh culture. Meanings
in investigations of this data-gathering method. In order to determine ascribed 'by the analysts to the same empirical relationships were
the extent to which a lack of familiarity with the culture of data origin found to vary significantly by the degree to which they were familiar
might influence survey interpretation, standardized KAP survey data with the culture.
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MEDICAL OPINION ON ABORTION IN JAMAICA: A NATIONAL DELPHI SURVEY OF 334 PHYSICIAN, NURSES, AND MIDWIVES
Karl A. Smith and Raymond L. Johnson
A national sample of 120 Jamaican physicians, public health nurses, of the respondents favored legalization of abortion, and most sup-and licensed midwives participated in a two-stage Delphi survey to ported changes in the health service delivery system to accommodate identity medical opinion on proposed liberalization of Jamaica's abor- the expected demand. They believed that clandestine abortion, involv-tion law, and to predict the likely impact of such legislative action ing pharmacists and physicians, is already widely practiced, on existing health and family planning services. More than 80 percent
A REVIEW OF SMALL CANNED COMPUTER PROGRAMS 340 FOR SURVEY RESEARCH AND DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Jeanne Cairns Sinquefield
A variety of small canned computer programs for survey research Computer Library); MINI-TAB Population Projection, Functional Popu-
and demographic analysis appropriate for use in developing countries lation Projection, and Family Planning Target Projection. A description
are reviewed in this article. The programs discussed are SPSS (Statis- and evaluation for each program of uses, instruction manuals-, com
tical Package for the Social Sciences); CENTS, CO-CENTS, CENTS- puter requirements, and procedures for obtaining manuals and pro-
AID, CENTS-AID II; MINI-TAB EDIT, FREQUENCIES, TABLES. grams are provided. Such information is intended to facilitate and
REGRESSION, CLIENT RECORD. DATES, MULT, LIFE, and encourage the use of the computer by data processors in developing
PREGNANCY HISTORY; FIVFIV and SINSIN; DCL (Demographic countries.
FAMILY PLANNING OPINION LEADERSHIP IN KOREA, 1971 349
James A. Palmore, Michael J. Furlong, Francis X. Buchmeier, Insook Man Park, and Laura M. Souder
The characteristics of Korean family planning opinion leaders are as- tried methods, discussed them, and knew a lot about them assumed
sessed through a secondary analysis of the 1971 national survey con- leadership roles more than others. Place of residence, education, and
ducted by the Korean Institute for Research in the Behavioral other such variables mattered relatively little unless a woman had
Sciences. In effect, what characterized Korean family planning opinion credibility imparted by actual use and knowledge imparted by use
leaders was a rather national and democratic model. Those who had or discussions with family planning professionals.
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