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Sodium,Chlorides,and Conductivity in Drinking-Water
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Book : Sodium,Chlorides,and Conductivity in Drinking-Water Language : English Library : Health-Safety-Environment Publish Place : Copenhagen ISBN : 92 9020 141 X Publish Date : 00 1979 Publisher : World Health Organization WHO Book Type : Report Book Number : 3577 |
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INDEX
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION SODIUM......
Introduction.......................
Sources of sodium in drinking-water..........
Natural sources...................
Pollution ......................
Processes for the preparation of drinking-water
Levels in drinking-water.................
United States of America.............
Netherlands.....................
United Kingdom..................
Canada........................
Hungary.......................
France Sodium intake from food, including drinking-water
Total sodium intake...................
Water consumption ...................
Contribution of water to total sodium intake.....
Physiology of sodium.....................
Adverse effects of sodium on health.............
Acute effects.......................
Hypernatraemia and "sudden infant death" .....
Sodium and the prevention of primary hypertension
Sodium and the prevention of other diseases.....
Taste............................
Salt restriction as a medical treatment............
The needs of patients..................
Information of health organizations..........
Control.............................
Source selection.....................
Controlled pumping...................
Artificial recharge....................
Surface sources......................
Alternatives to heavy use of salt for de-icing roads . .
Desalination...........................
Sampling and methods of analysis..............
Methods of analysis...................
References ...........................CHLORIDES ..............
Introduction ..............
Sources of chloride in drinking-water
Natural ................
Pollution ...............
Processes ...............
Conclusions on treatment processes
Levels in drinking-water Effects on health
Toxicological effects Organoleptic effects
Other effects..............................
Effects of water quality on metal distribution systems . . Considerations in relation to standards or recommended limits . Sampling and methods of analysis..................
Sampling .............................
Methods of analysis.......................
References ...............................
CONDUCTIVITY ...........................
Introduction..............................
Conductivity and compounds contributing to it..........
Equivalent conductivity rates of ions.............
Correlations with other physico-chemical properties.....
Levels of conductivity in drinking-water ..............
Conductivity as a means of water quality control.........
Conductivity - a tool for detecting changes in water quality Control of treatment processes.................
Considerations in relation to standards or recommended limits .
Other effects..............................
Measuring methods and frequency..................
References ...............................
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........
Annex List of participants....................
