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World Population Conference -2-
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Book : World Population Conference -2- Language : English Library : Population Publish Place : Bucharest Volume : 2 Publish Date : August 1974 Publisher : United Nations Book Type : Book Book Number : 4053 |
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INDEX
CONTENTS
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
II. MAJOR MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS SINCE 1950
A. TRADITIONAL MIGRATION CURRENTS FROM EUROPE TO OVERSEAS DESTINATIONS .........
B. MIGRATION CURRENTS FROM THE DEVELOPING REGIONS TO INDUSTRIALIZED AREAS ...........
C. MIGRATIONS AS A RESULT OF POLITICAL EVENTS
D. MIGRATION WITHIN EUROPE .........
III. MIGRATION AS A COMPONENT OF POPULATION GROWTH ......
IV. ESTIMATES OF NET MIGRATION FOR MAJOR REGIONS OF THE WORLD
INTRODUCTION
I. POPULATION AND AFFLUENCE
II. SCARCE RESOURCES: LAND, WATER AND ENERGY
III. CONSTRAINTS ON PROTEIN PRODUCTION
IV. ECOLOGICAL UNDERMINING OF THE WORLD FOOD ECONOMY
V. THE GREEN REVOLUTION: OPPORTUNITY LOST?
VI. DEPLETED GLOBAL RESERVES
VII. THE NORTH AMERICAN BREADBASKET
VIII. REDEFINING FAMINE
IX. A GLOBAL RESERVE SYSTEM
X. MODIFYING DIETS AMONG THE AFFLUENT
XI. THE AGRONOMIC POTENTIAL OF THE LESS AFFLUENT COUNTRIES
TABLES
1. WORLD FISH CATCH: TOTAL AND PER CAPITA
2. INDEX OF WORLD FOOD SECURITY
3. THE CHANGING PATTERN OF WORLD GRAIN TRADE
INTRODUCTION ...........
I. EDUCATION TODAY AND TOMORROW
A. THE GROWING DEMAND FOR EDUCATION
B. THE NEED FOR REFORM .......
II. THE INFLUENCE OF POPULATION DYNAMICS ON EDUCATION III. THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION ON POPULATION DYNAMICS
A. INNOVATION AND RENOVATION . . .
B. MIGRATION: CAUSES AND EFFECTS
IV. POPULATION EDUCATION
A. CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PROGRAMME EMPHASIS .
B. WHERE AND WHEN TO BEGIN ...........
V. THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
TABLE Anticipated increase in school-age population
INTRODUCTION
A. Sources of information
B. Definitions .....
I. SELECTED FINDINGS . . . II. COMMENTARY ON TABLES . A. Population growth
1. Definitions of categories of Governments' perceptions of population trends .................
2. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of national population growth rates . .
3. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of national population growth rates, by size of 1970 population
4. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of national population growth rates, by state of specification of quantitative population growth targets ............. ........
5. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of national population growth rates
by estimated average annual growth rate, 1970-1975
6. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of national population growth rates, by projected trend in growth rates, 1970-1975
7. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of national population rates, by policies with regard to fertility and international migration which have a potential effect upon national population growth rates ............... ,
8. Potential effect of governmental policies with regard to fertility and international migration upon population growth rates ...............
9. Potential effect of government policies with regard to fertility and international migration upon national population growth rates by Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of national population growth rates ...........
B. Morbidity and mortality .....
C. Reproduction and family formation
1. Definitions of categories of Governments' perceptions of fertility .....................
2. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of average national fertility rates and perception of the desirability of intervention to modify fertility rates ........
3. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of average national fertility rates and perception of the desirability of intervention to modify fertility rates, by estimated crude birth rates, 1970-1975 ........
4. Governments' policies with regard to their involvement in the provision of family planning services .....
5. Governments' policies with regard to their involvement in the provision of family planning services by perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of average national fertility rates and by perception of the desirability of intervention to modify fertility rates ................
6. Governments' policies with regard to induced abortion and voluntary sterilization by perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of average national fertility rates and perception of the desirability of intervention to modify fertility rates ........................
7- Governments' policies with regard to sterility and
subfecundity .....................
8. Governments' policies with regard to provision of social benefits with the objective of influencing fertility rates
Population distribution and internal migration
1. Definitions of categories of Governments' perceptions of population growth in metropolitan regions
2. Governments' perception of the acceptability of present levels or trends of metropolitan region population growth rates
INTRODUCTION ..........................
I. RESEARCH ON THE BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS OF FERTILITY REGULATION
A. Characteristics of methods of fertility regulation . .
B. Current research and development of methods
of fertility regulation ...............
1. Traditional behavioural and locally applied methods ..........
2. Intra-uterine devices .......
3. Oral contraceptives ........
4. Injectable preparations and implants
5. Post-coital pills
6. Induced abortion
7. Sterilization...........
8. Contraceptive drugs for men
9. Other approaches
C. Steps in developing new methods ........
1. Characterization of methods ........
2. Identification of reproductive processes amenable for control ............
3. Translating the biological intervention into its practical application
4. Evaluating the method in man
5. Acceptability and marketing
D. Organization of research on methods of fertility regulation ...................
1. The drug industry .......
2. Universities ..........
3. Government research institutions 4. Private research institutes . . 5. Clinical facilities ......
II. RESEARCH ON THE OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING IN HEALTH SERVICES..................
A. Planning phase . . ..........
1. Determination of needs ......
2. Assessment of resources .....
3. Setting objectives and priorities 4. Selection of approaches .....
B. Implementation of programme . . . .
C. Evaluation of programme ......
D. Organization of operations research
III. A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH . . . A. The importance of research
B. Reorientation towards the needs of developing countries ..................
C. Collaboration in research between developed and developing countries ........... . . .
D. Resources and research in developing countries
E. Funding for research .............
1. Biomedical aspects of fertility regulation
2. Operational aspects of family planning programmes................
3- Future funding requirements .......
IV. WHO'S PROGRAMME OF RESEARCH ..........
A. New methods of birth control ........
B. Effectiveness and safety of existing methods of fertility regulation in developing countries
C. Patterns of family formation and health
D. Induced abortion ....... .........
E. Programme trials of methods of fertility control
F. Family planning behaviour and practices
G. Problems of organization and administration of
family planning care
ANNEX PRESENT METHODS OF FERTILITY REGULATION
Introduction and programme of the Seminar
Proposals and subjects for research included in the report .
General considerations
The measurement of international migration
Determinants and mechanisms of migration
Models
Economic and non-economic factors Brain-drain
International migration and the process of economic growth Demographic implications of international migration
(Effects of migration on age, structure and fertility migration and population control .policy)
Migration and society
(Migration and ethnic relations; migration and social change return migration)
The right to migrate
(The right to migrate; juridical patterns of migration social problems raised by migration) ............
INTRODUCTION ........................
I. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE FOR POPULATION
II. SOURCES OF POPULATION ASSISTANCE
A. Multilateral assistance
1. United Nations
2. United Nations Children's Fund
3. World Health Organization
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
5. The International Labour Organisation
6. United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization .............. .
7. United Nations Fund for Population Activities
8. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
9. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
B. Bilateral governmental assistance
C. Non-governmental organizations
III. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION ASSISTANCE A. Types and areas of supported activities
B. Terms of assistance...........
C. Approaches to assistance...... . . .
IV. ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE ........
A. Current problems and constraints .........
1. Problems mainly with donor responsibility . .
2. Problems mainly with recipient responsibility
B. Results .....................
V. FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE ...............
A. Estimated needs......................
B. Future resources and programmes ..............
1. Improvements in programme formulation and implementation
2. Improvements in management and co-ordination ......
3. Reorientation of programmes ..............
VI. CONCLUSIONS..........................
INTRODUCTION............................
I. PAST TRENDS IN FOOD SUPPLIES IN RELATION TO POPULATION GROWTH
II. FOOD CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS ........
III. FUTURE DEMAND FOR FOOD
IV. FUTURE FOOD SUPPLIESI
V. AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT...................
VI. AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
ANNEX Population and food supplies in individual countries
I. HEALTH TRENDS AND PROSPECTS, 1950-2000
A. Introduction
B. Trends and prospects in less developed regions
1. Overview
2. Sex and age patterns
3. Causes of death
4. Differences between population groups . . 5. Prospects ................
C. Trends and prospects in developed regions . .
1. Overview.................
2. Sex and age patterns ...........
3- Causes of death .............
4. Differences between population groups . . 5. Prospects ................
D. Summary ...................
II. HEALTH, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT ........
A. General perspective.......... .........
B. Health and socio-economic development ..........
1. Effects of socio-economic development on health . . .
2. Effects of health on socio-economic development . . .
a. Direct effects................ . .
b. Indirect effects .................
c. Summary.....................
C. Health and population trends ...............
1. Effects of health on population ...........
2. Effects of population on health ...........
a. Influence of large family and rapid child-bearing
on the health of children
b. Influence of parity and spacing on the health cf mothers ....................
c. Influence of population pressure on community health
3. The influence of health services on family planning utilization ....................
a. Programme efficiency and effectiveness
b. Relationship to maternal care
c. The child survival hypothesis
d. Association between birth and infant mortality rates at the national level
e. Detailed studies of variables associated with fertility and family planning .........
f. Studies based on service programmes ......
g. Discussion................. .
D. Interactions between health, population and development
1. Balance of forces influencing population trends . .
2. Balance of forces influencing health .......
3. Generalizations relating to development of health and family planning programmes
E. Conclusions
INTRODUCTION ............
I. POPULATION SIZE AND COMPOSITION
A. Sources of national data .
B. Availability of statistics
C. Quality of the data II. BIRTHS AND DEATHS
A. Sources of national data .
B. Availability of statistics
C. Quality of the data III. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A. Sources of national data .
B. Availability of statistics
C. Quality of the data IV. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION ...................
I. THE LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
A. The legislative framework .........
B. The institutional framework ........
C. Machinery to ensure system-wide co-operation
II. MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM IN THE POPULATION FIELD ............................
A. Population statistics and projections
B. Population studies and research . . ,
C. Population policies ........ ,
D. Family planning ...........
E. Training and other educational activities supporting population work ..................
III. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
I. FAMILY PLANNING AS A HEALTH PRIORITY
A. Maternal health
1. Mortality
2. Morbidity ,
3. Abortion . ,
B. Foetal and neonatal health
1. Mortality .....
2. Foetal malnutrition
C. Child health ........
1. Postneonatal mortality .
2. Maternal care .....
3. Infectious disease . . . 4. Height and weight . . . 5. Intellectual development
D. Family health .......
E. Infertility and subfertility
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERNITY WITH RESPECT TO HEALTH ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION .........................
A. Maternal health and fertility ...............
B. Postpartum amenorrhoea, breast feeding and weaning practices
C. Hormonal contraceptives and breast feeding .........
D. Socio-cultural determinants and fertility .........
III. THE RATIONALE AND ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATING FAMILY PLANNING WITH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH AND OTHER FAMILY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH MEASURES ............................
A. Maternity-centred family planning (integrated MCH/FP care) .
B. Other activities in health services and family planning . .
IV. REVIEW OF THE STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF FAMILY PLANNING AS A PART OF HEALTH SERVICES ..... ..................
A. Variations in planning and evaluation .......
B. C.urrent status of maternity-centred family planning
V. PLANNING, ADMINISTRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FAMILY PLANNING IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH SERVICES ...............
A. Problems of organization, administration and service
1. Central level . . .
2. Intermediate level
3. Peripheral level
B. Education of families and the community ...........
C. Collaboration and co-operation between integrated health programmes and other community programmes or family planning activities outside the health sector ............
VI. EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF HEALTH AND OTHER WORKERS FOR THEIR ROLES IN HEALTH ASPECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING .........
A. Medical education ......................
B. Nursing and midwifery ....................
C. Training of administrators, managers and manpower specialists
D. Training in health education ................
E. Health auxiliaries......................
F. Workers in other sectors ..................
VII.EVALUATION OF FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES IN HEALTH SERVICES . . . VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION .............
I. LABOUR FORCE TRENDS AND PROSPECTS
A. An overview .........
B. The nature of the projections 1. The demographic factors .
2. The labour force factors .........
C. The relative importance of demographic and other factors as determinants of labour force changes .....
D. The labour force and its major characteristics, 1970-2000
1. Total growth of labour force ............
2. Relative rates of growth......i.......
3. Labour force participation rates ..........
4. Age structure of the labour force..........
(a) Young workers ..........
(b) Older workers ..........
(c) Labour force of prime working age
5. Women in the labour force ...........
(a) Size and geographic distribution of women workers .................
(b) Relative importance of women workers
E. The non-active population .............
II. NOTE ON THE DATA
VI. INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE
A. Requests for assistance in general areas
B. Assistance in demographic statistics, research and training
C. International exchange of experience
TABLES
1. Population of the world and two groups of regions in 1930, 1950 and 1970 and growth rates
2. Death-rates per 1,000 population per year in the world and two groups of regions, 1935-1939, 1950-1955 and 1965-1970
3- Expectations of life at birth (in years, both sexes combined), for the world and two groups of regions in 1935-1939, 1950-1955 and 1965-1970
4. Expectation of life at birth, by sex in selected countries and periods
5. Infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) in the world and two groups of regions, 1935-1939, 1950-1955 and 1965-1970
6. Birth-rates per 1,000 population per year in the world and two groups of regions, 1935-1939, 1950-1955 and 1965-1970
7. Crude birth-rates in selected regions and countries within the period 1950-1970
8. Rates of natural increase per 1,000 population in the world and two groups of regions, 1935-1939, 1950-1955 and 1965-1970
9. Percentage composition of the population by three broad age groups in the world and two groups of regions, 1970
10. Economically active population in the world and two groups of regions, 1950 and 1970
11. Agricultural and non-agricultural population in the world and two groups of regions, 1950 and 1970
12. Urban and rural population in the world and two groups of regions, 1950 and 1970
13- Crude vital rates per 1,000 per year in eight major world areas, 1970-1985 14. Population of the world and two groups of regions, 1970 to 1985
15. Increase in the size of selected segments of the population of the world and two groups of regions, in millions and percentage rates of increase per year
16. Population of the world and two groups of regions, as projected on "medium assumptions, 1975-2075
