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The Individual,Society, and Health Behavior
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Book : The Individual,Society, and Health Behavior Author : * Andie L.Knutson Language : English Library : Social Phsician Publish Place : New York Publish Date : 00 1965 Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation Original Language : Turkish Book Type : Book Book Number : 5077 |
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INDEX
Foreword by Charles E. Smith, M.D. PrefacePART ONE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAN
1. Man as Part of Environment The Meaning of Transaction Man's Permeable Boundaries Geography and Behavior Geography and Psychological Life Effects of Environmental Change Public Health Illustrations
2. The Unity of Man Inner Balances Psychosocial Balances Objective-Subjective Totality Centralizing Psychological Effort Public Health Illustrations
3. Man as a Social Animal Man's Slow Development Man's Group Ties
Social Definitions of Health Status Illustrations of Social Influences on Health
4. The Uniqueness of Man Individuality in Other Societies Sources of Uniqueness
The Intimate Nature of Health Leadership and Interpersonal Skills
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CONTENTS
Unique versus General Principles of Behavior Communicating Unique and General Findings Translating General Findings
5. Patterns of Individual Variation Diseases and Disorders
Vision and Hearing
Touch
Taste and Smell
Kinesthetic Senses
Intelligence
Constitutional and Glandular Differences
Conclusions
6. The Behavioral Cycle
Children and Youth Anticipating Crises in Adults Program Planning and Research Tuberculosis Program Research Pregnancy and Childbirth Conclusions
PART TWO MAN IN HIS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
7. Society and Culture Human Society
Common Features of Societies Inequalities in Social Placement Effects of Unequal Placement Culture as Man's Way of Life Varying Influences of Culture Man Internalizes Culture
8- Placing Man in His Social Habitat
Social Class
The Use of Class Terms
Implications of Social Class for the Practitioner
Measuring Social Class
The Use of Indices of Social Class
Distinguishing Caste and Class
-14 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR
Other Reference and Membership Groups Ethnic Groups
Professional Membership and Reference Groups The APHA as a Membership-Reference Group
9. Position, Status, and Role Position and Status Roles as "Sets of Expectancies" Line and Staff Positions and Roles Role Dilemmas Role Definition Role Sets Role-Taking Role Conflicts Transactional Ties with the Community
10. The Meaning of Food Some Definitions of Food Food and the Life Cycle Food and Religion
Food, Work, and Social Organization
Food and Personality Development
Changing Food Practices
Food as Incentive for Social Change
Symbolic Uses of Food
Other Social and Emotional Meanings
Implications
PART THREE PERCEIVING THE WORLD
11. Man's Knowledge Comes from Experience The Nature-Nurture Question
Learning to Perceive
Research Difficulties
Insights from Observation
Studies of Chimpanzees Possible Implications
Perception of Pain and Physiological Changes
Can Perceptual Abilities Be Changed?
contents
12. The Function and Process of Perception Perceptions Guide Actions Perception as a Dynamic Selective Process Perceiving Constancy and Stability
Constancy in Perceiving Things
Constancy in Perceiving Persons
Ignoring Constant Stimulation Giving Meaning to Environment The Perceptual Process
Components of the Perceptual Process
Steps hi Acquiring Meaning The Efficiency of the Sense Organs Factors Contributing to Error
Sensory Factors
Influence of Ego-Defense Mechanisms
Personality Factors Dealing with Cognitive Strain
Narrowing Range of Observation
Grouping and Stereotyping
Recording Observations
Expectations Guide Efforts to Reduce Strain
[ 3. Man's Private World
The Approach of Field Theory Objective and Subjective Facts Applying the Approach of Field Theory
Application in Dental Health
Application in Program Development
Communicating Health Concepts
Diagnosis and Treatment
Patient Instructions
Other Implications Summary
PART FOUR SOCIAL MOTIVATION
4. The Search for the Sources of Man's Energy Instincts and Instinctual Tendencies Horn eo stasis Homeostasis and Social Motivations
16 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR
Biogenic and Sociogenic Motives Are Some Motives "Basic"?
Motivation in Infancy
Diffused Character of Infant Behavior
Conclusions and Implications
Is the Concept of Motivation Necessary?
Implications
15. Motivation Research: An Elusive Challenge Problems of Definition
Conflicting Motives Inferring Motives Motive-Response Relationships The Value Quality of Experience Validity of Responses Indirect Methods
A Study of Attitude Formation
The Study of Rumor
Marketing Research
Uses in Public Health Research
Limitations Implications
16. Motivation in Health Action An Overview
The Future Orientation of Behavior The Self or Ego
Ego-Involvement versus Egotism
Ego-Involvement and Health Behavior Changes in the Self or Ego
Changes During Adolescence
An Illustration: The Various Meanings of "Hospital"
Major Identifications as Anchorages Consistency-Inconsistency Health Goals and Personal Relevance Other Ego-Satisfactions and Threats
17. Patterns of Striving Deficiency and Growth Motives
CONTENTS
Maslow's Hierarchy Patterns of Security-Insecurity Changes in Strivings During Starvation Possible Implications for Public Health
PART FIVE VALUES, ATTITUDES, AND BELIEFS
18. Values and Value Patterns Problems of Definition Values Guide and Limit Action Values Give Life Meaning The Early Acquisition of Values Values Are Inferred from Behavior Difficulties of Research on Values Studies of American Values
The Process of Identifying a Social Value
Influence on Public Health Programs Comparing the Values of Groups
A Self-Anchoring Scale Spranger's Value Types
A Scale of Personal Values
Values of Women and Public Health
Values of Health Team Top Level Bias "Basic Value Orientations"
Orientation to Human Nature
Value Orientation to Man-Nature
Orientation to Time
Orientation to Activity
Orientations to Relationships The Values of Health and Life
Prenatal and Infant Care
Family Planning
Value of Animal and Insect Life
Other Life Value Influences
Death and Its Meanings General Implications
18 the individual, society, and health behavior
19. Attitudes and Beliefs
By Ronald C. Dillehay The Concept of Attitudes Attitude Measurement
The Formation and Maintenance of Attitudes The Motivational Bases of Attitudes Attitudes, Beliefs, and Psychological Processes Attitudes and Action Persuasion and Attitude Change
PART SIX THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
20. Acquiring Social Behaviors Early Socializing Agents
Identification and Imitation
Reward and Punishment Personal Identity, Self, and Self-image
Dealing with Oneself
Observing Responses of Others to Oneself Indirect Nature of Social Learnings
Indirect Sources of Attitudes
Learning "Must" Behaviors
Learning Rules versus Learning "Whys" An Experimental Study of Socialization
The Contact Comfort Hypothesis
The Experiment
Experimental Findings and Conclusions The Learning of Social Roles Socializing Agents and Social Change
Socializing Agents as Barriers to Progress
Unchallenged Assumptions
Stabilizing Influences
Implications for Change
Education for Child Rearing
21. Perceptual Development and Deprivation
The Unstable World of Infancy Discovering the World Acquiring Concepts Acquiring Language
CONTENTS
Experimental Studies of Children
Other Experience and Intelligence
Follow-up Studies Experiments with Dogs The Epidemiology of Reading Disabilities Implications for Public Health-Mental Health
PART SEVEN HUMAN LEARNING AND HEALTH ACTION
22. Learning Theories and Health Action Experimental Studies of Learning Processes
Classical Conditioning
Rote Learning or Memorizing
Trial and Error Learning
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning
Other Research Examples Problems of Definition and Generalization
Learning and Maturation
Learning and Experience
Learning as Improvement Learning and Social Values
The Value of Resistance
Textbook Weaknesses
Other Theories of Learning Conclusion
23. Learning Components of Public Health Programs Typical Learning Situations in Public Health
Programs with Required Outcomes Programs with Recommended Outcomes Self-Directed Learning Situations
Learning as a Subjective, Irregular, Perceptual Process
Learning Begins with Interest or Concern Perceptual Curiosity How Much Concern? Role of Education in Arousing Interest Illustration from Public Health Nursing Psychological Readiness in Tuberculosis Case-Finding Illustration from Maternal and Child Health Lack of Professional Concern
20 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR
Exploratory Behavior as Part of Learning
Types of Exploratory Responses
Discursive Beginnings
Approaching Solution from Learner's Point of View
Identifying Barriers to Action
Learning Through Solving Problems
Effects of Thwarting Thoradike's "Law of Effect"
The Timing of Effect
Delayed Rewards May Not Be Seen as Effects
Possibilities of Early Reinforcement
"Inappropriate" Behaviors May Relieve Concerns "Learning by Doing"
Ego-Involvement in the Task
Gaining Acceptance of Participation in Learning
Importance of Participation in Change Processes Social and Emotional Support for Learning
Support from Social Groups
Expectations of Others' Reactions
Personal Concerns May Block Discussions The Transfer of Learning
Public Health Examples
Conditions Fostering Transfer
Conclusions
The Integration of New Learnings The Growing Edge
24. Verbal Conditioning
Awareness in Verbal Conditioning
Awareness and Learning
Experimental Study of Awareness
The Meaning of Awareness Public Health Implications of Verbal Conditioning
Verbal Conditioning in Therapy
Opinion Surveys
Diagnostic Interview
Awareness in Experimental Research Unsettled Issues
Unsettled Issues
Conclusions
CONTENTS
PART EIGHT THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
25. The Crisis in Medical Communication The Public Health Communication Chain
The Research Scientist The Public Health Practitioner Expert Communication "Gatekeepers" Conclusions
26. The Communicator for Public Health Agencies Representing Agency Policies
Clarifying Intentions
Defining the Image of the Audience
Consideration of Special Factors and Conditions
Audience Understanding of Health Jargon
Basic Orientation to Authority Maintaining a Trustworthy Image The Order and Manner of Presentation of Issues
The Laws of Primacy and Recency
Commitment
One-Sided versus Two-Sided Presentation
Implications for Action The Use of Feedback
Potential Barriers in Communication
Types of Feedback Conclusions
27. Frames of Reference in Public Health
Communications
The Influence of Preparedness-Unpreparedness The Search for Cognitive Clarity
Theory of Social Comparison
The Influence of Anxiety
Experimental Studies of Anxiety and Affiliation The "Autokinetic Phenomenon" Impressions of Other People Value and Attitude Climates The Persistence of Frames of Reference
Public Health Illustrations
22 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR
Experimental Findings Influence on Council Activities Implications for Public Health
28. The Role of Mass Media in Public Health
By William Griffiths and Andie L. Knutson Mass Media Tend to Reach Select Audiences Effects May Be Specific and Limited Personal Appeals May Influence Effects Psychological Set Influences Interpretation Trusted Informal Leaders Can Serve Key Function Tinker to Evers to Chance?
29. Interpersonal Communication Within
Organizations Physical Situation The Web of Relationships The Unique Qualities of the Communicator The Unique Qualities of the Communicant Words Are Perceptions Summary
Index
